100 articles - 08.09.10
1: Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010 Jan;32(2):137-44.
Cicero AF, Derosa G, Di Gregori V, Bove M, Gaddi AV, Borghi C.
Lipid Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Aging and Kidney Diseases, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. afgcicero@cardionet.it
Recent evidence suggests that at least a part of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) heart protective effect is mediated by a relatively small but significant decrease in blood pressure level. We retrospectively evaluated the long-term effect of a PUFA supplementation on the blood pressure level of 111 hypertriglyceridemic subjects with untreated normal-high blood pressure that were prescribed a 2 grams PUFA supplementation in order to improve their plasma lipid pattern. After 12 months of treatment, systolic blood pressure (SBP) meanly decreased by 2.7 +/- 2.5 mmHg (p = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 1.3 +/- 3.3 mmHg (p < 0.001), while basal heart rate decreased by 4.0 +/- 4.4 bpm (p < 0.001). Both SBP and DBP reduction were significantly related to the baseline SBP (p < 0.001) and DBP (p < 0.001), respectively. Diastolic blood pressure change was also inversely related to the patient's age (p = 0.004). No significant difference was perceived in the metabolic syndrome subgroup. In our retrospective study, highly purified omega-3 PUFA long-term supplementation is associated with a significant reduction in SBP, DBP, Pulse pressure (PP), and basal heart rate in hypertriglyceridemic patients with normal-high blood pressure. No significant difference was perceived in the metabolic syndrome subgroup. The main determinants of the PUFA anti-hypertensive effect appear to be the basal blood pressure level and age.
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PMID: 20374188 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1317-23. Epub 2010 Mar 10.
Heine-Broring RC, Brouwer IA, Proenca RV, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, Oudkerk M, Witteman JC, Geleijnse JM.
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic and experimental data suggest a cardioprotective effect of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids from fish [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)]. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the association of fish and EPA plus DHA intakes with coronary calcification in a general older population. DESIGN: Diet was assessed between 1990 and 1993 by using a semiquantitative 170-item food-frequency questionnaire. Coronary calcification was assessed approximately 7 y later by electron-beam computed tomography in 1570 asymptomatic cardiac subjects with complete dietary data (44% men, mean age of 64 y). Calcium scores according to Agatston's method were divided into < or = 10 (no/minimal coronary calcification), 11-400 (mild/moderate calcification), and > 400 (severe calcification). Prevalence ratios (PRs) for mild/moderate and severe calcification were obtained in categories of fish and EPA plus DHA intake. PRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and dietary factors. RESULTS: Subjects with a fish intake > 19 g/d had a significantly lower prevalence of mild/moderate calcification (PR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.98; full model) than did subjects who consumed no fish. Subjects with a high fish intake also had a lower prevalence of severe calcification (PR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.04), which was borderline statistically significant. EPA plus DHA intake showed no significant associations (PR: 0.93 and 0.97, respectively; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found a weak inverse association between fish intake and coronary calcification. If confirmed in other population-based studies, more research is warranted to determine which components in fish can inhibit vascular calcification.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20219958&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20219958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]3: Yonsei Med J. 2009 Dec 31;50(6):757-63. Epub 2009 Dec 18.
Shin MJ, Shim E, Kang B, Park S, Lee SH, Shim CY, Park E, Chung N.
Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
PURPOSE: In the present study, we tested whether the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) would worsen the features of inflammation, plasma omega 3 fatty acid levels and antioxidant potential in treated hypertensive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TWO GROUPS WERE CLASSIFIED BY THE COMPONENTS OF METS: a reference group of treated hypertensive subjects: hypertension (HTN) group (n = 39) and with more than two additional MetS components: HTN with Mets group (n = 40). We further compared the parameters between HTN group and HTN with MetS group. RESULTS: The results showed that age (p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) were significantly different between HTN group and HTN with MetS group. Age- and BMI-adjusted total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) (p < 0.01) was significantly lower, whereas age- and BMI-adjusted CD (p < 0.05) and interleukin (IL) 6 (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in HTN with MetS group than in HTN group. Moreover, HTN with MetS group had significantly lower levels of age- and BMI-adjusted plasma phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) than HTN group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the levels of age- and BMI-adjusted intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), adiponectin and high molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results showed increased inflammatory marker, reduced antioxidant potential and EPA levels in treated hypertensive patients in the presence of MetS, suggesting the importance of changes of therapeutic lifestyle to modify the features of MetS.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20046414 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Am J Hypertens. 2010 Feb;23(2):125-8. Epub 2009 Nov 5.
Begg DP, Sinclair AJ, Stahl LA, Garg ML, Jois M, Weisinger RS.
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
BACKGROUND: Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency can lead to hypertension in later life; however, hypertension is affected by numerous other dietary factors. We examined the effect of altering the dietary protein level on blood pressure in animals deficient or sufficient in omega-3 fatty acids. METHODS: Female rats were placed on one of four experimental diets 1 week prior to mating. Diets were either deficient (10% safflower oil; DEF) or sufficient (7% safflower oil, 3% flaxseed oil; SUF) in omega-3 fatty acids and contained 20 or 30% casein (DEF20, SUF20, DEF30, SUF30). Offspring were maintained on the maternal diet for the duration of the experiment. At 12, 18, 24, and 30 weeks, blood pressure was assessed by tail cuff plethysmography. RESULTS: At both 12 and 18 weeks of age, no differences in blood pressure were observed based on diet, however, by 24 weeks hypertension was evident in DEF30 animals; there were no blood pressure differences between the other groups. This hypertension in DEF30 group was increased at 30 weeks, with systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure all elevated. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the hypertension previously attributed to omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is dependent on additional dietary factors, including protein content. Furthermore, this study is the first to plot the establishment of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency hypertension over time.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=19893499&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 19893499 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]5: J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;60(3):63-9.
Dlugosova K, Okruhlicova L, Mitasikova M, Sotnikova R, Bernatova I, Weismann P, Slezak J, Tribulova N.
Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Hypertension alters expression of connexin-43 (Cx43) in cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (30 mg/day for 2 months) on expression of Cx43 in the aorta of 1-year-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Spatial distribution and expression of Cx43 in aortic wall of SHR and age-matched Lewis rats were determined by immunofluorescent method and Western blot. NO synthase (NOS) activity and endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta were measured as well. Immunofluorescent pattern of Cx43 was identified in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the aorta of all experimental groups studied. However, local decrease in the number and intensity of fluorescent spots and reduced phosphorylation of Cx43 were observed in SHR in contrast to normotensive LEW. Omega-3 fatty acid diet increased Cx43 immunolabeling in endothelium and media of SHR comparing to untreated ones. Parallel, 3-fatty acids significantly elevated phosphorylation of Cx43 in the aorta of SHR (p<0.001). Despite the omega-3 fatty acids reduced blood pressure and stimulated aortic NOS activity in SHR, endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta did not significantly change. Results indicate that the aorta of old SHR might partially benefit from 3-PUFA supplementation due to increased Cx43 phosphorylation, NOS activity and decreased blood pressure.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=19826183&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 19826183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]6: J Hypertens. 2009 Sep;27(9):1863-72.
Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey I, Irish A, Cowpland CA, Beilin L, Dogra G, Watts GF.
University of Western Australia and the Cardiovascular Research Centre, Perth, Western Australia. trevor.mori@uwa.edu.au
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associates with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Hypertension is a major determinant of progression of CKD. Omega-3 fatty acids (omger3FA) protect against CVD via improvements in blood pressure, heart rate, vascular reactivity and serum lipids. Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ) may improve blood pressure and vascular function. This study determined whether omega3FA and CoQ have independent or additive effects in improving the cardiovascular profile, particularly blood pressure and heart rate, in nondiabetic patients with CKD stages 3-4. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention, patients were randomized to either omega3FA (4 g), CoQ (200 mg), both supplements or control (4 g), daily for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients aged 56.5 +/- 1.4 years; BMI 27.3 +/- 0.5 kg/m(2); supine blood pressure 125.0/72.3mmHg; and glomerular filtration rate 35.8 +/- 1.2 ml/min/1.73m(2), were randomized. Seventy-four completed the study. omega3FA, but not CoQ, reduced 24-h ambulatory heart rate (P<0.0001) and blood pressure (P<0.0001). Main effects for omega3FA on 24-h measurements were -3.3 +/- 0.7/ -2.9 +/- 0.5mmHg and -4.0 +/- 0.5 bpm. Postintervention blood pressure showed significant interactions between treatments. omega3FA reduced triglycerides 24% (P<0.001). There were no changes in glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin or total protein excretion, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (C), LDL-C, glucose, insulin, or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that omega3FA reduce blood pressure, heart rate and triglycerides in patients with CKD. CoQ had no independent effect on blood pressure but increased heart rate. These results show that omega3FA lower blood pressure and may reduce cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic patients with moderate-to-severe CKD.
Publication Types: Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 19705518 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009 Jul;7(3):330-7.
Cicero AF, Ertek S, Borghi C.
Hypertension Research Unit, Internal Medicine, Aging and Kidney Diseases Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. afgcicero@cardionet.it
Omega-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from fish and fish oils appear to protect against coronary heart disease: their dietary intake is in fact inversely associated with cardiovascular disease morbidity/mortality in population studies. Recent evidence suggests that at least a part of this protective effect is mediated by a relatively small but significant decrease in blood pressure (BP) level. In fact, omega-3 PUFAs exhibit wide-ranging biological actions that include regulating both vasomotor tone and renal sodium excretion, partly competing with omega-6 PUFAs for common metabolic enzymes and thereby decreasing the production of vasoconstrictor rather than vasodilator and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. PUFAs also reduce angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, angiotensin II formation, Tumor Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) expression, enhance endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation and activate the parasympathetic nervous system. The final results are improved vasodilation and arterial compliance of both small and large arteries. Preliminary clinical trials involving normotensive and hypertensive dyslipidaemic patients, diabetics and elderly subjects, confirm this working hypothesis: 3 meta-analyses suggest that PUFAs are able to slightly, but significantly improve arterial hypertension. Future research will clarify if PUFA supplementation could improve the antihypertensive action of specific BP lowering drug classes and of statins.
Publication Types: Review
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PMID: 19601857 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]8: Klin Med (Mosk). 2009;87(4):37-41.
[Article in Russian]
Vasil'ev AP, Strel'tsova NN, Sekisova MA.
The aim of the study was to assess effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome (MS) and microcirculation in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). 22 patients of the 32 with grade 2 AH and MC symptoms (by ATP III criteria) were given 1.5 mg of omega-3 PUFAs for 1 months. The control group comprised 10 patients. Serum lipid profile was detected and forearm skin microcirculation evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Therapy with omega-3 PUFAs resulted in a significant decrease of serum triglycerides from 3.04 +/- 0.39 to 1.91 +/- 0.15 mmol/l (-37.2%). Its combination with hypotensive therapy reduced mean AP from 114.5 +/- 2.4 to 106.3 +/- 1.8 mm Hg (p < 0.01). Also, omega-3 PUFAs increased amplitude fluctuations in LDF-grams in endothelial and neurogenic ranges by 33.3 and 30.8% respectively, tissue hemoperfusion rate from 4.9 +/- 0.13 to 5.3 +/- 0.15 U (p < 0.05), capillary blood flow reserve by 13.7% (p < 0.05), maximum tissue hemoperfusion by 18.8% (p < 0.01), and coefficient of variation of tissue blood flow by 26.9%. Blood C-reactive protein level dropped by 40.7%. These changes were absent in control patients. It is concluded that correction of omega-3 PUFAs deficiency in patients with HA and MS reduces hyperlipidemia, has moderate antihypertensive effect, improves endothelial function and microcirculation. Multifunctional action of omega-3 PUFAs gives reason to recommend them for the treatment of MS.
Publication Types: English Abstract
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PMID: 19514319 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]9: J Oleo Sci. 2009;58(7):355-60.
Ogawa A, Suzuki Y, Aoyama T, Takeuchi H.
Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan. a-ogawa@nisshin-oillio.com
Several studies have shown that dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and has an antihypertensive effect. Blood pressure is regulated mainly by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). In the present study, we investigated the effect of dietary ALA on ACE to clarify the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Six-week-old SHR were fed a diet containing either 10% ALA-rich flaxseed oil or high oleic safflower oil as a control for four weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by the tail cuff method once weekly. At the end of the feeding period, ACE activity was determined in the heart, aorta, lung and kidney. ACE mRNA in these organs was also measured by real-time PCR analysis. SBP in the ALA group was significantly lower than in the control group at 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The ACE activity and mRNA expression levels in the ALA group were significantly lower than in the control only in the aorta. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the blood pressure-lowering mechanism of dietary ALA may be involved in the reduction of ACE activity and mRNA expression levels in the aorta of SHR.
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PMID: 19491530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]10: Nutrition. 2010 Feb;26(2):168-74. Epub 2009 May 31.
Ramel A, Martinez JA, Kiely M, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I.
Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital & Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. alfons@landspitali.is
OBJECTIVE: Dietary intervention studies suggest that a daily fish meal can improve blood pressure (BP); however, such a dietary regimen might be difficult to sustain. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether salmon consumption three times per week improves BP during energy restriction in young adults. METHODS: In this 8-wk intervention, 324 subjects (20-40 y of age, body mass index 27.5-32.5kg/m(2), from Iceland, Spain, and Ireland) were randomized to one of four energy-restricted diets (-30% relative to estimated requirements): salmon (150g three times per week, resulting in a daily consumption of 2.1g of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [omega-3 LC-PUFAs]), cod (150g three times per week, 0.3g of omega-3 LC-PUFAs per day), fish oil capsules (1.3g of omega-3 LC-PUFAs per day), or control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood). Body weight, diastolic BP (DBP), systolic BP (SBP), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in erythrocyte membrane were measured at baseline and endpoint. RESULTS: Participants showed weight loss (-5.2+/-3.2kg, P<0.001) and decreases in SBP (-4.4+/-8.6 mmHg, P<0.001) and DBP (-4.1+/-7.4 mmHg, P<0.001) after the intervention. The salmon (B=-2.71, P=0.032) and fish oil (B=-2.48, P=0.044) groups had significantly lower endpoint DPB than the cod group, but not significantly different from control. Lower baseline DHA (percentage) in erythrocytes was associated with greater DBP reductions (B=0.576, P=0.017). CONCLUSION: Salmon consumption three times per week can decrease DBP similar to fish oil and significantly more than lean fish during an 8-wk energy restriction in young overweight individuals. A lower DHA content in erythrocyte membrane at baseline, which might indentify infrequent fish eaters, is associated with a greater DBP reduction in the course of an 8-wk dietary intervention providing fatty seafood. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Publication Types: Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 19487105 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]11: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 May-Jun;80(5-6):269-77. Epub 2009 May 9.
Rousseau-Ralliard D, Moreau D, Guilland JC, Raederstorff D, Grynberg A.
INRA (Institut National de la recherche Agronomique), UMR-A 1154, Laboratoire Lipides Membranaires et Regulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Faculte de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry 92290, France. delphine.rousseau@jouy.inra.fr
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of individual dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on hypertension and cardiac consecutive disorders in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Rats were fed for 2 months an eicosapentaenoic (EPA)- or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich diet (240 mg/day) or an n-3 PUFA-free diet. Male SHR (n=6), implanted with cardiovascular telemetry devices, were housed in individual cages for continuous measurements of cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR)) during either activity or rest periods, ECG were recorded during the quiet period. The n-6 PUFA upstream of arachidonic acid was affected in SHR tissues. The cardiac phospholipid fatty acid profile was significantly affected by dietary DHA supply, and EPA in a very lower extent, since DHA only was incorporated in the membranes instead of n-6 PUFAs. Endothelium n-6 PUFA content increased in all SHR groups. Compared to WKY, linoleic acid content decreased in both studied tissues. Cardiac noradrenalin decreased while the adrenal catecholamine stores decreased in SHR as compared to WKY. Both n-3 PUFA supply induced a decrease of adrenal catecholamine stores. Nevertheless after 6 weeks, DHA but not EPA induced a lowering-blood pressure effect and shortened the QT interval in SHR, most probably through its tissue enrichment and a specific effect on adrenergic function. Dietary DHA supply retards blood pressure development and has cardioprotective effect. These findings, showing the cardioprotective effects of DHA in living animals, were obtained in SHR, but may relate to essential hypertension in humans.
Publication Types: Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 19428232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]12: Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Feb 1;81(2):319-27. Epub 2008 Nov 17.
Duda MK, O'Shea KM, Tintinu A, Xu W, Khairallah RJ, Barrows BR, Chess DJ, Azimzadeh AM, Harris WS, Sharov VG, Sabbah HN, Stanley WC.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, HSF2, Room S022, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
AIMS: Clinical studies suggest that intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) may lower the incidence of heart failure. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFA exerts metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects that could prevent left ventricle (LV) pathology; however, it is unclear whether these effects occur at clinically relevant doses and whether there are differences between omega-3 PUFA from fish [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and vegetable sources [alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)]. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the development of LV remodelling and pathology in rats subjected to aortic banding treated with omega-3 PUFA over a dose range that spanned the intake of humans taking omega-3 PUFA supplements. Rats were fed a standard food or diets supplemented with EPA+DHA or ALA at 0.7, 2.3, or 7% of energy intake. Without supplementation, aortic banding increased LV mass and end-systolic and -diastolic volumes. ALA supplementation had little effect on LV remodelling and dysfunction. In contrast, EPA+DHA dose-dependently increased EPA and DHA, decreased arachidonic acid in cardiac membrane phospholipids, and prevented the increase in LV end-diastolic and -systolic volumes. EPA+DHA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin, and there was a strong correlation between the prevention of LV chamber enlargement and plasma levels of adiponectin (r = -0.78). Supplementation with EPA+DHA had anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory effects as evidenced by decreases in urinary thromboxane B(2) and serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFA derived from fish, but not from vegetable sources, increased plasma adiponectin, suppressed inflammation, and prevented cardiac remodelling and dysfunction under pressure overload conditions.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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PMID: 19015135 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]13: Physiol Res. 2008;57 Suppl 2:S39-48. Epub 2008 Mar 28.
Mitasikova M, Smidova S, Macsaliova A, Knezl V, Dlugosova K, Okruhlicova L, Weismann P, Tribulova N.
Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Hypertension-induced myocardial metabolic, structural and electrophysiological remodeling deteriorates with aging and contributes to both heart failure and occurrence of malignant arrhythmias. It has been shown in clinical trials that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and sudden cardiac death. We investigated the cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFA in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and possible cellular mechanisms involved. Male and female 14-moth-old SHR were fed with n-3 PUFA (Vesteralens, Norway, 20 mg/day for two months) and compared with untreated SHR. Results showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation led to 1) significant decline of blood pressure; 2) suppression of inducible ventricular fibrillation (VF) by 57 % (male) and 67 % (female), although the arrhythmogenic substrates, like fibrosis, hypertrophy and abnormal gap junctions distribution were not eliminated; 3) preservation of the cardiomyocytes and the integrity of their junctions; 4) enhancement of energetic metabolism enzyme activity; 5) augmentation of capillary density associated with increased alkaline phosphatase and decreased dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity and 6/ increase in gap junction channel connexin-43 expression. Thus, aged male as well as female SHR benefit from n-3 PUFA supplementation that results in decrease in VF susceptibility, partly due to an improvement of myocardial metabolic state, cardiomyocyte and cell-to-cell junctions integrity and Cx43 up-regulation.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 18373394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]14: Hypertension. 2008 Feb;51(2):540-6. Epub 2007 Dec 24.
Fischer R, Dechend R, Qadri F, Markovic M, Feldt S, Herse F, Park JK, Gapelyuk A, Schwarz I, Zacharzowsky UB, Plehm R, Safak E, Heuser A, Schirdewan A, Luft FC, Schunck WH, Muller DN.
Medical Faculty of the Charite, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Franz Volhard Clinic and HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany. robert.fischer@charite.de
We compared the effect n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with direct renin inhibition on electrophysiological remodeling in angiotensin II-induced cardiac injury. We treated double-transgenic rats expressing the human renin and angiotensinogen genes (dTGRs) from week 4 to 7 with n-3 PUFA ethyl-esters (Omacor; 25-g/kg diet) or a direct renin inhibitor (aliskiren; 3 mg/kg per day). Sprague-Dawley rats were controls. We performed electrocardiographic, magnetocardiographic, and programmed electrical stimulation. Dietary n-3 PUFAs increased the cardiac content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. At week 7, mortality in dTGRs was 31%, whereas none of the n-3 PUFA- or aliskiren-treated dTGRs died. Systolic blood pressure was modestly reduced in n-3 PUFA-treated (180+/-3 mm Hg) compared with dTGRs (208+/-5 mm Hg). Aliskiren-treated dTGRs and Sprague-Dawley rats were normotensive (110+/-3 and 119+/-6 mm Hg, respectively). Both n-3 PUFA-treated and untreated dTGRs showed cardiac hypertrophy and increased atrial natriuretic peptide levels. Prolonged QRS and QT(c) intervals and increased T-wave dispersion in dTGRs were reduced by n-3 PUFAs or aliskiren. Both treatments reduced arrhythmia induction from 75% in dTGRs to 17% versus 0% in Sprague-Dawley rats. Macrophage infiltration and fibrosis were reduced by n-3 PUFAs and aliskiren. Connexin 43, a mediator of intermyocyte conduction, was redistributed to the lateral cell membranes in dTGRs. n-3 PUFAs and aliskiren restored normal localization to the intercalated disks. Thus, n-3 PUFAs and aliskiren improved electrical remodeling, arrhythmia induction, and connexin 43 expression, despite a 70-mm Hg difference in blood pressure and the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
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PMID: 18158339 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]15: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Jan;78(1):67-72.
Jayasooriya AP, Begg DP, Chen N, Mathai ML, Sinclair AJ, Wilkinson-Berka J, Wark JD, Weisinger HS, Weisinger RS.
Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
To establish the effect of dietary omega-3 PUFA on angiotensin II (ANG II)-mediated hypertension, male TGR (mRen-2)27 (Ren-2) rats (animals with high ANG II activity) were maintained on a diet either deficient or sufficient in omega-3 PUFA from conception. Half the animals on each diet were treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, from birth. Ren-2 rats fed the omega-3 PUFA deficient diet were significantly more hypertensive than those fed the omega-3 PUFA sufficient diet. Perindopril reduced the blood pressure of both omega-3 PUFA-deficient and omega-3 PUFA-sufficient diet-fed Ren-2 rats. Body weight, body fat and plasma leptin were reduced by perindopril treatment but not affected by omega-3 PUFA supply. Given that the elevated blood pressure of the Ren-2 rat is mediated by ANG II, the data suggest that omega-3 PUFA may reduce hypertension via the renin-angiotensin system.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=18083506&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 18083506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]16: J Oleo Sci. 2008;57(1):11-4.
Matsuo T, Yagi K.
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan. matsuo@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) has been reported to exhibit an antihypertensive effect. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) is also an antihypertensive agent. We evaluated the interaction between ALA-enriched oil (test oil) and ACEI concerning the decrease in blood pressure by administering test oil, ACEI, or test oil + ACEI to 7-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After administration, the systolic pressure decreased significantly in all groups compared with the level before administration, but the diastolic pressure decreased significantly only in the test oil + ACEI group. No significant difference was noted in systolic or diastolic pressure among the 3 groups. These results suggest that the interaction between ALA-enriched oil and ACEI is limited. Our study suggested the safety of consuming foods containing a large amount of ALA in combination with hypotensive agents.
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=18075218&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 18075218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]17: Conn Med. 2007 Oct;71(9):533-8.
Yang H, Kenny A.
University of Connecticut Health Center, Center on Aging, Farmington 06030-5215, USA.
Essential fatty acids have been hypothesized as important to health, including cardiovascular health, for several decades. These hypotheses have been supported by epidemiologic studies. There have been several trials evaluating the effects of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid, one of the major essential fatty acids) on hypertension in individuals with hypertension, and those without hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. The overall effect of fish oil has been a small but significant decline in blood pressure, especially in those with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Few side effects are reported with fish oil and all are dose dependent; side effects include gastrointestinal upset, fishy aftertaste and, uncommonly, clinical bleeding. Information on the use of omega-3 fatty acids in hypertension requires further study to understand better the appropriate dose and its benefits, specifically with aging. Preliminary data hold promise that small but significant diminution in blood pressure can be attained.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17966723&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 17966723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]18: J Oleo Sci. 2007;56(7):347-60.
Takeuchi H, Sakurai C, Noda R, Sekine S, Murano Y, Wanaka K, Kasai M, Watanabe S, Aoyama T, Kondo K.
Research Laboratory, The Nisshin Oillio Group, Ltd., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. h-takeuchi@nisshin-oillio.com
We investigated the antihypertensive effect and safety of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in human subjects. In Experiment 1, subjects with high-normal blood pressure and mild hypertension ingested bread containing 14 g of common blended oil (control oil) or ALA-enriched oil for 12 weeks. The test oil contained 2.6g/14 g of ALA. The subjects ingested strictly controlled meals during the study period. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the ALA group than in the control group after ingestion of the test diet for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the ALA group than in the control group after ingestion of the test diet for 12 weeks. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the safety of high intake of ALA (7.8 g/d), particularly its effects on oxidation in the body and blood coagulation. Normotensive, high-normotensive and mildly hypertensive subjects ate bread that contained 42 g of the control oil or the test oil for 4 weeks. No significant difference was noted in the lipid peroxide level, high-sensitive C-reactive protein level, plasma prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time between the two groups. No abnormal changes were noted after test diet ingestion on blood test or urinalysis, and no adverse event considered to have been induced by the test oil was observed in Experiment 1 and 2. These results suggest that ALA have an antihypertensive effect with no adverse effect in subjects with high-normal blood pressure and mild hypertension.
Publication Types: Controlled Clinical Trial
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17898501&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 17898501 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]19: Public Health Nutr. 2008 Jan;11(1):17-29. Epub 2007 Jul 12.
Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Sloane PD, Heiss G, Ibrahim J.
Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street E2610, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. mbaydoun@jhsph.edu
OBJECTIVE: Recent research indicates that n-3 fatty acids can inhibit cognitive decline, perhaps differentially by hypertensive status. DESIGN: We tested these hypotheses in a prospective cohort study (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities). Dietary assessment using a food-frequency questionnaire and plasma fatty acid exposure by gas chromatography were completed in 1987-1989 (visit 1), while cognitive assessment with three screening tools--the Delayed Word Recall Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Word Fluency Test (WFT)--was completed in 1990-1992 (visit 2) and 1996-1998 (visit 4). Regression calibration and simulation extrapolation were used to control for measurement error in dietary exposures. SETTING: Four US communities--Forsyth County (North Carolina), Jackson (Mississippi), suburbs of Minneapolis (Minnesota) and Washington County (Maryland). SUBJECTS: Men and women aged 50-65 years at visit 1 with complete dietary data (n = 7814); white men and women in same age group in the Minnesota field centre with complete plasma fatty acid data (n = 2251). RESULTS: Findings indicated that an increase of one standard deviation in dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids (% of energy intake) and balancing long-chain n-3/n-6 decreased the risk of 6-year cognitive decline in verbal fluency with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.79 (0.66-0.95) and 0.81 (0.68-0.96), respectively, among hypertensives. An interaction with hypertensive status was found for dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids (g day-1) and WFT decline (likelihood ratio test, P = 0.06). This exposure in plasma cholesteryl esters was also protective against WFT decline, particularly among hypertensives (OR = 0.51, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: One implication from our study is that diets rich in fatty acids of marine origin should be considered for middle-aged hypertensive subjects. To this end, randomised clinical trials are needed.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17625029&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 17625029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007 Jan;87(1):159-65. Epub 2006 Sep 18.
Hacioglu G, Kose O, Aslan M, Agar A.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Arapsuyu, 07070 Antalya, Turkey.
The present study evaluated the role of chronic docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on active avoidance learning task performance in experimental hypertension. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups as follows: control, sham, DHA treated, 1K-1C hypertensive, and 1K-1C hypertensive+DHA treated. Hypertension was induced in 1K-1C rats via placing a silver clip (0.20-mm ID) around the left renal artery following a right uninephrectomy. DHA (36 mg/kg/day) was given to the treatment groups for 60 days by gastric gavage. Arterial blood pressure was measured by using the tail-cuff method. Active avoidance responses were determined by an automated shuttle-box. In brain (cerebrum) and hippocampus tissues, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nitrite levels were measured by fluorometric methods. DHA supplementation decreased blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Data from active avoidance training indicated that performance of active avoidance learning tasks were significantly impaired in 1K-1C hypertensive rats, but was completely restored by DHA supplementation. Increased cerebrum TBARS levels in 1K-1C rats were abolished by DHA administration. Cerebrum nitrite levels were lower in the DHA, 1K-1C and 1K-1C+DHA treated groups compared to controls. Hippocampus nitrite levels were lower in DHA treated and 1K-1C hypertensive rats compared to controls and higher in 1K-1C+DHA treated rats compared to the 1K-1C group. Our data indicates that DHA supplementation improves the performance of active avoidance learning tasks which is impaired in experimental hypertension. These affirmative changes might be due to a DHA-induced decrease in lipid peroxidation which may in turn limit the consumption of nitric oxide (NO) which promotes active avoidance learning.
Publication Types: Comparative Study
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16979916&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 16979916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]