766 articles - 08.09.10
1: Thromb Haemost. 2010 Aug 30;104(4) [Epub ahead of print]
Di Minno MN, Tremoli E, Tufano A, Russolillo A, Lupoli R, Di Minno G.
Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy, Tel./Fax: +39 0 817462060, E-mail: dario.diminno@hotmail.it.
In the 1980s, observational retrospective studies showed an inverse relation between coronary heart disease (CHD) and consumption of fish containing fatty acids that belong to the omega (omega)-3 family. Large case-control studies and prospective intervention trials consistently showed that omega-3 fatty acids supplementation lowers fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death. By analysing the strengths of the results of individual studies and how the meta-analyses agree with them, putting together relevant backgrounds, and identifying open questions, the following findings/directions emerge. (i) Dietary and non-dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids reduces overall mortality, mortality due to MI, and sudden death in patients with CHD; (ii) Fish oil consumption directly or indirectly affects cardiac electrophysiology. Fish oil reduces heart rate, a major risk factor for sudden death; (iii) Among patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators, omega-3 fatty acids do not reduce the risk of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation and may actually be pro-arrhythmic; (iv) The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids leads to a 10-33% net decrease of triglyceride levels. The effect is dose-dependent, larger in studies with higher mean baseline triglyceride levels, and consistent in different populations (healthy people, people with dyslipidaemia, diabetes, or known cardiovascular risk factors); (v) Outcomes for which a small beneficial effect omega-3 fatty acids is found include blood pressure (about 2 mmHg reduction), re-stenosis rates after coronary angioplasty (14% reduction), and exercise tolerance testing. Major experimental data provide strength (biological plausibility) for these findings, and define directions for newer clinical trials with omega-3 fatty acids.
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PMID: 20806105 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]2: Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep;33(9):2049-54.
Chen X, Scholl TO, Leskiw M, Savaille J, Stein TP.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, New Jersey, USA. chenx1@umdnj.edu
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between maternal circulating fatty acids (FAs) and dietary FA intake in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM; n = 49), women with hyperglycemia less severe than GDM (impaired glucose challenge test [GCT] non-GDM; n = 80), and normal control subjects (n = 98). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A case-control design was nested within a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women. Fasting concentrations of serum total FAs (enzymatic assay) and FA composition (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were determined at entry and the third trimester. Dietary fat intake data were obtained from 24-h recalls. RESULTS: There was a graded increase among groups (control subjects, impaired GCT non-GDM, and GDM) during the third trimester for total FAs and individual FAs, including myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids (P for trend <0.03 to P < 0.001). Similar relationships were observed at entry in total FAs and for four FAs (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosapentaenoic acids). Women with impaired GCT non-GDM with BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) had the highest levels of FAs at entry, whereas women with GDM with BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) had the highest levels during the third trimester, and all grouped FAs were significantly different from lean women with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P < 0.05). Dietary intake of polyunsaturated FAs was decreased, but saturated FAs were increased in GDM compared with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities in fat metabolism are present in both GDM and impaired GCT non-GDM women. Reducing pregravid weight and altering diet might prevent the associated elevation of circulating FAs.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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PMID: 20805277 [PubMed - in process]3: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010 Mar;80(2):107-16.
Fakhrzadeh H, Ghaderpanahi M, Sharifi F, Mirarefin M, Badamchizade Z, Kamrani AA, Larijani B.
Associate Professor of Cardiology, Dr Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Introduction: N-3 fatty acids have several beneficial effects on dyslipidemia and diabetes, conditions which are prevalent in the elderly. This study assessed the effects of low-dose n-3 fatty acids on serum lipid profile, lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B, fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance in a group of elderly Iranians. Materials and Methods: A 6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 124 elderly residents of Kahrizak Charity Foundation aged >/= 65. The intervention group was supplemented with 1 g/day fish oil capsule (with 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid, DHA; a total of 300 mg n-3 fatty acids as effective constituents). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after 6 months of the trial. Results: There were no significant effects of fish oil on the studied variables in the intervention group. In the placebo group, serum triglyceride significantly increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.009, respectively). By repeated measurement analysis after adjustments, the overall decrease in serum triglycerides compared with placebo was significant (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Supplementation with low dose n-3 fatty acids for 6 months could significantly protect elderly Iranians from a rise in serum triglycerides.
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PMID: 20803425 [PubMed - in process]4: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Dec 15;53(5):1298-304. Epub 2010 Jul 30.
Balderas C, Villasenor A, Garcia A, Ruperez FJ, Ibanez E, Senorans J, Guerrero-Fernandez J, Gonzalez-Casado I, Gracia-Bouthelier R, Barbas C.
CEMBIO (Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis) Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a major endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 5% of the world's population. It not only leads to hyperglycaemia but also causes many complications, and numerous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress contributes to these complications. As a new strategy to improve the oxidative damage in diabetes, interest has grown in the usage of natural antioxidants, even more in the long term. Among them, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) has been widely accepted as one of the species with the highest antioxidant activity. In addition, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were efficient in delaying and decreasing cardiovascular risk factors associated with diabetes. Type 1 diabetic children and the corresponding controls were enrolled in the assay. The aim was evaluating the effect of a special additive containing rosemary extract, vitamin E and PUFAs added to their standard diet through the meat. In the analytical point of view, a metabolomic approach with CE-UV was used to detect possible differences in urine of diabetic children as compared to controls. After the application of the appropriate multivariate statistical tools, clear differences could be observed between treated and non-treated diabetic children and some of the metabolites associated could be identified. This was specially challenging as most of the clinical biochemical parameters measured by target analysis showed no differences between the groups. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20719450 [PubMed - in process]5: Cardiol Rev. 2010 Sep-Oct;18(5):258-63.
Weitz D, Weintraub H, Fisher E, Schwartzbard AZ.
Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA. Weitz@nyumc.org
Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found abundantly in fish oil, are increasingly being used in the management of cardiovascular disease. It is clear that fish oil, in clinically used doses (typically 4 g/d of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) reduce high triglycerides. However, the role of omega-3 fatty acids in reducing mortality, sudden death, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and heart failure has not yet been established. This review will focus on the current clinical uses of fish oil and provide an update on their effects on triglycerides, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmia. We will explore the dietary sources of fish oil as compared with drug therapy, and discuss the use of fish oil products in combination with other commonly used lipid-lowering agents. We will examine the underlying mechanism of fish oil's action on triglyceride reduction, plaque stability, and effect in diabetes, and review the newly discovered anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil. Finally, we will examine the limitations of current data and suggest recommendations for fish oil use.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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PMID: 20699674 [PubMed - in process]6: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug 4; [Epub ahead of print]
Oya J, Nakagami T, Sasaki S, Jimba S, Murakami K, Kasahara T, Wasada T, Sekiguchi H, Hasegawa M, Endo Y, Iwamoto Y.
Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Background/Objectives:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition, in which abnormal amounts of triglycerides accumulate in hepatocytes and is closely related to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Dietary fats contribute 15% of fat accumulation in the liver and regulate hepatic lipid metabolism. The supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) improves NAFLD. The aim of this study is to assess the cross-sectional association between dietary n-3 PUFAs and NAFLD in Japanese men and women.Subjects/Methods:Participants were middle-aged, apparently healthy, 296 men and 496 women, who did not drink alcohol and who participated in a general health check-up program. Dietary information from the previous month was obtained by the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. NAFLD was diagnosed if abdominal ultrasonography revealed the presence of fatty liver.Results:The prevalence of NAFLD was 45.3% in men and 17.5% in women. In comparison with the first tertile, multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the presence of NAFLD in the second and third tertiles for men taking eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were 0.59 (0.31-1.14) and 0.45 (0.23-0.90), respectively, (P for linear trend=0.024), and the multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the presence of NAFLD in the second and third tertiles for men taking EPA+docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.44 (0.23-0.86) and 0.48 (0.24-0.95), respectively, (P for linear trend=0.035). However, there was no significant relation between NAFLD and each of these nutrients in women.Conclusions:Dietary EPA and EPA+DHA may be independent and preventive nutrients for NAFLD in Japanese men.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 4 August 2010; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.139.
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PMID: 20683463 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]7: Diabetes. 2010 Sep 1; [Epub ahead of print]
Sato A, Kawano H, Notsu T, Ohta M, Nakakuki M, Mizuguchi K, Itoh M, Suganami T, Ogawa Y.
Development Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan.
AbstractObjective: Given the pleiotropic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), it is interesting to know whether EPA is capable of improving obesity. Here we examined the anti-obesity effect of EPA in mice with two distinct models of obesity. Research Design and Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF/HS, 25.0wt% fat, 32.5wt% sucrose) (HF/HS group) or high-fat diet (HF, 38.1wt% fat, 8.5wt% sucrose) (HF group) for 4-20 weeks. Five% EPA was administered by partially substituting EPA for fat in HF/HS+EPA and HF+EPA groups. Results: Both HF/HS and HF groups similarly develop obesity. EPA treatment strongly suppresses body weight gain and obesity-related hyperglycemia and insulin hyperinsulinemia in HF/HS-fed mice (HF/HS+EPA group), where hepatic triglyceride content and lipogenic enzymes are increased. There is no appreciable effect of EPA on body weight in HF-fed mice (HF+EPA group) without enhanced expression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Moreover, EPA is capable of reducing hepatic triglyceride secretion and changing VLDL fatty acid composition in HF/HS group. By indirect calorimetry analysis, we also found that EPA is capable of increasing energy consumption in HF/HS+EPA group. Conclusions: This study is the first demonstration that the anti-obesity effect of EPA in HF/HS-induced obesity is associated with the suppression of hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis. Because the metabolic syndrome is often associated with hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis, the data of this study suggest that EPA is suited for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID: 20682690 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]8: J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Apr;29(2):81-91.
Gupta N, Shah P, Goel K, Misra A, Rastogi K, Vikram NK, Kumari V, Pandey RM, Kondal D, Wasir JS, Bhardwaj S, Gulati S.
Director and Head, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, INDIA.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the macronutrient, micronutrient, food intake pattern, anthropometry, and lipid profile of urban Asian Indian adolescents and young adults and compare it with the nutrient profile of rural Asian Indian and American adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiologic descriptive study. Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, waist and hip circumferences, skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and dietary intake were assessed in 1236 subjects (607 males, 629 females) aged 13-25 years from schools and colleges of a metropolitan city of India. RESULTS: The mean age and BMI of study subjects were 17.6 +/- 2.4 years (range 13-25 years) and 19.8 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2) (range 11.9-35.9 kg/m(2)), respectively. The mean daily percentages of total energy contributed by carbohydrates, total fats, proteins, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 PUFAs, omega-6 PUFAs, and trans-fatty acids for all subjects were 53%, 34%, 11%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 1%, 8%, and 0.3%, respectively. The absolute daily intake of total fat was 84 +/- 29 g/d in males and 72 +/- 21 g/d in females, which was approximately 4 times the recommended dietary allowance for Asian Indians (20-22 g/d). Among food groups, a high intake of milk, milk products, roots, and tubers was observed. In these young individuals, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (males > or =169 mg/dl; females > or =181 mg/dl) and overweight (BMI > or =23.1 kg/m(2)) was 14.4% and approximately 16%, respectively. On comparison with rural Asian Indian adolescents, an inappropriately high intake of total fat was observed in our subjects. On the other hand, the percentage of energy intake of SFAs in Asian Indian and American adolescents was at par. CONCLUSIONS: High total fat and SFA intake and a low intake of MUFAs and omega-3 PUFAs showed imbalanced nutrition, which could be responsible for the increasing prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance in urban Asian Indian adolescents and young adults. Nutritional strategies for reducing SFA intake and balancing the omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs ratio should be urgently applied in Asian Indian adolescents and are also presented in this paper.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20679142 [PubMed - in process]9: Curr Diab Rep. 2010 Oct;10(5):345-9.
Norris JM.
Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. jill.norris@ucdenver.edu
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a preclinical period of autoimmunity. It is well accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease risk. Given that type 1 diabetes, and its preclinical autoimmunity, appear early in life, infant and childhood diet have been implicated as potential initiating exposures in the etiology of the disease. Several publications in the past year have provided further evidence for existing hypotheses regarding the roles of wheat, cow's milk, omega-3 fatty acids, and the maternal diet during pregnancy. However, inconsistencies in findings between studies suggest the need for collaboration and standardization of study methods to move forward in research in this area. One such example of this is the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study, which is an international, multicenter birth cohort study with standardized recruitment, dietary collection methodologies, and analytic approaches.
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PMID: 20640941 [PubMed - in process]10: Mar Pollut Bull. 2010 Sep;60(9):1615-8. Epub 2010 Jul 14.
Smith KL, Guentzel JL.
Coastal Carolina University, Department of Marine Science, Conway, SC 29528-6054, USA.
The consumption of fish and shrimp containing omega-3 fatty acids can result in protective health effects including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. These protective effects may be decreased by the presence of mercury in the muscle tissue of fish and shellfish. Mercury can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems and impede neurological development. The objective of this project was to determine appropriate consumption amounts of selected fish species and shrimp based on mercury levels and recommended intake levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Species that are high in omega-3s and low in mercury include salmon, trout, and shrimp. Species with both high levels of mercury and omega-3 fatty acids include tuna, shark, and halibut, swordfish, and sea bass. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20633905 [PubMed - in process]11: Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Aug;28(4):216-26.
Davi G, Santilli F, Patrono C.
Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.
Metabolic syndrome represents a clustering of risk factors related to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Occurrence of both metabolic syndrome and diabetes and their vascular complications share several pathogenetic features including subclinical, low-grade inflammation, altered oxidative/antioxidant status, and persistent platelet activation. Despite the availability of multiple interventions to counteract these metabolic changes, including appropriate diet, regular exercise, weight control and drugs, epidemiological data are witnessing the growing trend of the problem, reflecting both the multifactorial nature of these diseases as well as the scarce compliance of patients to established strategies. Several nutraceuticals used in clinical practice have been shown to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and their complications and to favorably modulate a number of biochemical and clinical endpoints. These compounds include antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamins C and E, flavonoids, vitamin D, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals such as chromium and magnesium, alpha-lipoic acid, phytoestrogens, and dietary fibers. Several areas of concern exist regarding the use of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals in this setting, including product standardization, definition of optimal dosing regimen, potential side effects, drug interactions, and need for evidence-based indications.
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PMID: 20633024 [PubMed - in process]12: Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Apr;49(4):305-8.
[Article in Chinese]
Zhu QQ, Lou DJ, Si XW, Guan LL, You QY, Yu ZM, Zhang AZ, Li D.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, China. sxzqq@126.com
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3PUFA) and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: This trial involved 51 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with NAFLD (G4 group), 50 patients of type 2 diabetes alone (G3 group), 45 patients of NAFLD alone (G2 group) and 42 healthy control subjects (G1 group). Serum omega-3PUFA profile was analyzed with capillary gas chromatography. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and serum lipids were measured. RESULTS: The levels of HOMA-IR were higher in G4 group than those in G3, G2 and G1 group (4.90 + or - 2.54 vs 2.38 + or - 1.23, 2.20 + or - 1.15, 1.13 + or - 0.42; P < 0.05). The level of ALT, AST, GGT, TC, TG, LDL-C were higher in G4 group than those in G3, G2 and G1 group (P < 0.05). The level of omega-3PUFA was significantly lower in G4 group than those in G3, G2 and G1 group (5.68 + or - 2.02 vs 7.17 + or - 2.38, 6.97 + or - 2.32, 10.08 + or - 2.76; P < 0.05). omega-3PUFA concentration was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR, TC, TG and LDL-C (r = -0.491, -0.376, -0.462, -0.408, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serum omega-3PUFA is significantly decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. Serum omega-3PUFA is negatively correlated with insulin resistance. omega-3PUFA plays a very important role in the development of diabetes mellitus and NAFLD.
Publication Types: English Abstract Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20627036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]13: ScientificWorldJournal. 2010 Jul 7;10:1370-85.
Borgeson E, Godson C.
UCD Diabetes Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin.
Inflammation is a common feature of renal pathology. Lipid mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, can actively promote the resolution of inflammation by inhibiting polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to the site of inflammation, shifting the cytokine milieu from proinflammatory to proresolving and increasing the nonphlogistic phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Here we review the evidence for molecular circuits of resolution in renal disease.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review
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PMID: 20623097 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]14: J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Feb;29(1):72-80.
Taylor CG, Noto AD, Stringer DM, Froese S, Malcolmson L.
Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. ctaylor@cc.umanitoba.ca
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of dietary consumption of milled flaxseed or flaxseed oil on glycemic control, n-3 fatty acid status, anthropometrics, and adipokines in individuals with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Thirty-four participants were randomized into a parallel, controlled trial. SUBJECTS: The participants were adults with type 2 diabetes (age 52.4 +/- 1.5 years, body mass index 32.4 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2), n = 17 men and 17 women). INTERVENTIONS: Participants consumed a selection of bakery products containing no flax (control group [CTL], n = 9), milled flaxseed (FXS, n = 13; 32 g/d), or flaxseed oil (FXO, n = 12; 13 g/d) daily for 12 weeks. The FXS and FXO groups received equivalent amounts of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 7.4 g/day). Measures of Outcome: The primary outcome measures were fasting plasma hemoglobin A(1c), glucose, insulin, and phospholipid fatty acid composition. The secondary outcome measures were fasting circulating leptin and adiponectin, as well as body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. Dietary intake assessment and calculations for homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and quantified insulin sensitivity check were also completed. RESULTS: The FXS and FXO groups had increases in plasma phospholipid n-3 fatty acids (ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], or decosapentaenoic acid [DPA], but not docosahexaenoic acid), and the FXO group had more EPA and DPA in plasma phospholipids compared to the FXS group. All groups had similar caloric intakes; however, the CTL group experienced a 4% weight gain compared to baseline (p < 0.05), while both flax groups had constant body weights during the study period. All other parameters, including glycemic control, were unchanged by dietary treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Milled FXS and FXO intake does not affect glycemic control in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Possible prevention of weight gain by flax consumption warrants further investigation.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20595648 [PubMed - in process]15: J Cell Biochem. 2010 Jun 29; [Epub ahead of print]
Shao S, Liu Z, Yang Y, Zhang M, Yu X.
Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China, 430030.
Impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) caused by glucolipotoxicity is an essential feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Palmitate and eicosapentaenoate (EPA), because of their lipotoxicity and protection effect, were found to impair or restore the GSIS in beta cells. Furthermore, palmitate was found to up-regulate the expression level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and down-regulate the levels of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (Pdx)-1 and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in INS-1 cells. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the lentiviral system was used to knock down or over-express SREBP-1c and Pdx-1 respectively. It was found that palmitate failed to suppress the expression of Pdx-1 and GLP-1R in SREBP-1c deficient INS-1 cells. Moreover, down-regulation of Pdx-1 could cause the low expression of GLP-1R with/without palmitate treatment. Additionally, either SREBP-1c down-regulation or Pdx-1 over-expression could partially alleviate palmitate induced GSIS impairment. These results suggested that sequent SREBP-1c-Pdx-1-GLP-1R signal pathway was involved in the palmitate caused GSIS impairment in beta cells. J. Cell. Biochem. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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PMID: 20589757 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]16: Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Aug;28(4):236-45. Epub 2010 Jun 14.
Pignatelli P, Basili S.
Divisione I Clinica Medica Universita Sapienza, Roma, Italy. Pasquale.pignatelli@uniroma1.it
Atherosclerosis disease and its extent in childhood correlate positively with established risk factors, namely obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The safety and efficacy of some dietary interventions to modulate risk factors in childhood are documented by an increasing body of evidence. The present review analyzes nutritional and nutraceutical current strategies addressed to modify some risk factors of atherosclerosis in childhood. In particular, studies concerning nutrients such as fibers, omega-3-fatty acids, vitamin D, antioxidants, and calcium have been evaluated. An overall analysis suggests that some nutraceuticals might represent an attractive tool to lower the development of atherosclerotic-related cardiovascular complication in children. Nevertheless, at this moment, due to the methodological weakness that characterizes the majority of the analyzed studies, nutrients or supplements should not be considered as a therapeutic tool potentially usable for clinical purpose in children at risk for cardiovascular disease.
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PMID: 20553293 [PubMed - in process]17: Diabetes Educ. 2010 Jul-Aug;36(4):565-84. Epub 2010 Jun 9.
McEwen B, Morel-Kopp MC, Tofler G, Ward C.
Northern Blood Research Centre, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Australia.
PURPOSE: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease are major public health concerns worldwide and are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. People with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Diet has a substantial affect on the progression of many diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [LC-PUFA]) have long been attributed to the maintenance of health and may be of benefit in reducing cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this review is to investigate the possible roles of omega-3 in reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. METHODS: A literature search was conducted from the Medline, EBSCO, and EMBASE databases. Articles that addressed diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or omega-3 were included. RESULTS: Reviews and studies reported an association with fish and omega-3 LC-PUFA consumption and decreased total cardiovascular mortality (approximately 15%-19%), along with decreased platelet activation and aggregation, improved lipid profiles, including reduction of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), decreased inflammation, and lowered blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Diets higher in fish and omega-3 LC-PUFA may reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetes by inhibiting platelet aggregation, improving lipid profiles, and reducing cardiovascular mortality. Fish and omega-3 LC-PUFA can be recommended to people with diabetes and included into a diabetes management program.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20534874&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20534874 [PubMed - in process]18: Curr Diab Rep. 2010 Aug;10(4):316-20.
Jialal I, Amess W, Kaur M.
VA Medical Center and Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, 4635 Second Avenue, Research 1 Building, Room 3000, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. ishwarlal.jialal@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
The hypertriglyceridemia of diabetes can be classified into mild to moderate (triglycerides between 150-499 mg/dL) and severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides > or =500 mg/dL). As in any other individuals with hypertriglyceridemia, secondary causes need to be excluded. The management of severe hypertriglyceridemia (chylomicronemia syndrome) includes aggressive reduction of triglycerides with intravenous insulin, fibrates, omega-3 fatty acids, and/or niacin therapy to avert the risk of pancreatitis. In patients with mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia, the treatment of choice is statin therapy to achieve the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) target goals. The evidence base would favor niacin therapy in combination with statin therapy to achieve the goals pertaining to LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol. The data about the combination of fibrate therapy with statin therapy are disappointing.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20532703&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20532703 [PubMed - in process]19: Yakugaku Zasshi. 2010 Jun;130(6):777-84.
[Article in Japanese]
Matsumoto T.
Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University. t-matsu@hoshi.ac.jp
Vascular tone is tightly regulated by endothelium-derived factors. These include relaxing factors (EDRFs) such as nitric oxide (NO), hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs), and contracting factors (EDCFs). Although EDHF is a prominent vasodilator, particularly in smaller arteries, little attention has been paid to the potential role of EDHF responses in diabetes. EDHF signaling may involve various factors, including several diffusible factors and non-diffusible factors (e.g., gap junctions). It has been demonstrated that the alterations in EDHF relaxation seen in mesenteric arteries from diabetic rats may be attributable to an increase in phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) activity, leading to a reduction in the action of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and consequently the activity of protein kinase A (PKA) is decreased in such arteries. Moreover, it has been suggested that the imbalance between EDRFs and EDCFs is present in mesenteric arteries from type 2 diabetic rats and the EDHF relaxation can be partly reversed by suppression of EDCF signaling. Indeed, chronic treatment with metformin, eicosapentaenoic acid, or thromboxane synthase inhibitor can reduce EDCF signaling and normalize EDHF signaling in mesenteric arteries from type 2 diabetic rats. Although the improvement or restoration of EDHF responses has not been the direct subject of any pharmaceutical effort, increasing cAMP/PKA signaling (e.g., by inhibiting PDE3 activity) or reducing EDCFs signaling has potential as an interesting therapeutic target in diabetic vasculopathy.
Publication Types: English Abstract Review
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20519855&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20519855 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug;64(8):792-9. Epub 2010 May 26.
Virtanen SM, Niinisto S, Nevalainen J, Salminen I, Takkinen HM, Kaaria S, Uusitalo L, Alfthan G, Kenward MG, Veijola R, Simell O, Ilonen J, Knip M.
Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. suvi.virtanen@thl.fi
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: N-3 (omega-3) fatty acids have been reported to decrease the risk for development of beta-cell autoimmunity and clinical type I diabetes. We set out to examine whether different serum fatty acids are associated with the development of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity in children carrying human leukocyte antigen DQ beta-1 (HLA-DQB1)-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Within a cohort, serum total fatty acid composition of 108 children with advanced beta-cell autoimmunity and of 216 matched persistently autoantibody-negative controls was analyzed using gas chromatography. Non-fasting serum samples were obtained annually at the ages of 1-6 years. Conditional logistic regression was applied to analyze the associations between advanced beta-cell autoimmunity and serum fatty acids. RESULTS: The serum fatty acid profile of myristic acid (odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-2.00, P=0.011), pentadecanoic acid (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.19-2.28, P=0.003), palmitoleic acid isomers 16:1 n-7 (omega-7) (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.92, P=0.030) and 16:1 n-9 (omega-9) (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.05-2.01, P=0.026) and conjugated linoleic acid (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.16-2.41, P=0.006) closest to the time of the appearance of multiple autoantibodies were positively associated with the risk of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Serum linoleic acid showed inverse, marginal association with the end point. CONCLUSIONS: Serum biomarkers of milk and ruminant meat fat consumption are directly associated and linoleic acid is inversely associated with advanced beta-cell autoimmunity in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type I diabetes.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20502469&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20502469 [PubMed - in process]