1147 articles - 08.09.10
1: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010 Sep 2; [Epub ahead of print]
Childs CE, Romijn T, Enke U, Hoile S, Calder PC.
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Institute of Human Nutrition and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
Both animal and human studies demonstrate that the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of plasma and/or tissue lipids is increased during pregnancy. We hypothesised that increasing the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or longer chain (n-3) PUFA content of the maternal diet during pregnancy influences fetal fatty acid composition and the fetal immune system. Pregnant rats were fed a low-fat (LF) soybean oil diet, or high-fat (HF) soybean, linseed, salmon or sunflower oil diets from conception to 20d gestation. The ALA-rich Linseed-HF diet resulted in an equivalent eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status in fetal immune tissues and an equivalent DHA status in the fetal brain to that achieved with the Salmon-HF diet. An (n-3) rich maternal diet during pregnancy associated with the highest expression of CD3 (Salmon-HF) and CD8 (Linseed-HF and Salmon-HF) on fetal thymic CD3(+)CD8(+) cells. The Linseed-HF diet resulted in the highest proportion of CD161(+) cells within the fetal thymus, which correlated with the production of IL-4. These data indicate that dietary ALA supplementation may confer some of the benefits of LC (n-3) PUFA during pregnancy. This should be examined in suitably designed human studies. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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PMID: 20817424 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]2: Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep;33(9):2049-54.
Chen X, Scholl TO, Leskiw M, Savaille J, Stein TP.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, New Jersey, USA. chenx1@umdnj.edu
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between maternal circulating fatty acids (FAs) and dietary FA intake in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM; n = 49), women with hyperglycemia less severe than GDM (impaired glucose challenge test [GCT] non-GDM; n = 80), and normal control subjects (n = 98). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A case-control design was nested within a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women. Fasting concentrations of serum total FAs (enzymatic assay) and FA composition (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were determined at entry and the third trimester. Dietary fat intake data were obtained from 24-h recalls. RESULTS: There was a graded increase among groups (control subjects, impaired GCT non-GDM, and GDM) during the third trimester for total FAs and individual FAs, including myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids (P for trend <0.03 to P < 0.001). Similar relationships were observed at entry in total FAs and for four FAs (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosapentaenoic acids). Women with impaired GCT non-GDM with BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) had the highest levels of FAs at entry, whereas women with GDM with BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) had the highest levels during the third trimester, and all grouped FAs were significantly different from lean women with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P < 0.05). Dietary intake of polyunsaturated FAs was decreased, but saturated FAs were increased in GDM compared with impaired GCT non-GDM or control subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities in fat metabolism are present in both GDM and impaired GCT non-GDM women. Reducing pregravid weight and altering diet might prevent the associated elevation of circulating FAs.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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PMID: 20805277 [PubMed - in process]3: Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug 17; [Epub ahead of print]
Kulkarni A, Mehendale S, Pisal H, Kilari A, Dangat K, Salunkhe S, Taralekar V, Joshi S.
Dept of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The present study examines the associations of folic acid, vitamin B(12) and omega-3 fatty acids and increased homocysteine which are implicated in the pathology of pre-eclampsia. METHODS: 49 Pre-eclamptic and 57 normotensive women were recruited at Bharati hospital, Pune, India. Plasma folate, vitamin B(12), homocysteine and erythrocyte omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were analyzed. RESULTS: Homocysteine concentrations were higher in pre-eclamptic than in normotensive women (14.28+/-7.31 vs. 11.03+/-4.38mumol/l, p<0.01) despite similar levels of folic acid and vitamin B(12). In the pre-eclamptic group, plasma folate levels were positively associated with erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acids (p<0.05) while erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid levels were negatively associated with plasma homocysteine levels (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence for the associations of altered omega-3 fatty acids especially docosahexaenoic acid and the resultant increased homocysteine concentrations in pre-eclampsia. Future studies need to examine if docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy reduces homocysteine levels and ameliorates the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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PMID: 20719412 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]4: Food Nutr Bull. 2010 Jun;31(2 Suppl):S108-16.
Ramakrishnan U, Stein AD, Parra-Cabrera S, Wang M, Imhoff-Kunsch B, Juarez-Marquez S, Rivera J, Martorell R.
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. uramakr@emory.edu
BACKGROUND: The need for omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during pregnancy has received much attention, but evidence of effects on birth outcomes is limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether prenatal DHA supplementation increases gestational age and birth size. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Cuernavaca, Mexico. We randomly assigned 1,094 pregnant women (18 to 35 years of age; median DHA dietary intake, 55 mg/day) to 400 mg/day of algal DHA or placebo from 18 to 22 weeks of gestation through delivery. Birth outcomes (968 live births and 5 stillbirths) were ascertained from hospital records within 24 hours of delivery. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis showed no differences between the control and DHA group (all p > .05) in mean gestational age (39.1 + 1.7 and 39.0 +/- 1.9 weeks, respectively), weight (3.20 + 0.47 and 3.21 +/- 0.45 kg, respectively), length (50.3 +/- 2.7 and 50.3 +/- 2.3 cm, respectively) and head circumference (34.3 +/- 1.8 and 34.3 +/- 1.5 cm, respectively) at birth. Offspring of supplemented primigravidae (n = 370) were heavier (difference, 99.4 g; 95% CI, 5.5 to 193.4) and had larger head circumferences (difference, 0.5 cm; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.9) than controls; the differences in multigravidae (n = 603) were -53.3 g (95% CI, -126.8 to 20.2) and -0.2 cm (95% CI, -0.4 to 0.1), respectively (p < .05 for heterogeneity). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal DHA supplementation of primigravid women may result in increased birth size in a population where dietary DHA intakes are very low. Benefits of the intervention on infant health and neurodevelopment are under study.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20715595 [PubMed - in process]5: Stroke. 2010 Aug 12; [Epub ahead of print]
Zhang W, Hu X, Yang W, Gao Y, Chen J.
From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; the Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa; and the Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pa.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Current available therapies for neonatal hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) brain injury are rather limited. Here, we investigated the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain damage and long-term neurological function after H/I in neonates. METHODS: Female rats were treated with or without an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched diet from the second day of pregnancy until 14 days after parturition. Seven-day-old neonates were subjected to H/I and euthanized 5 weeks later for evaluation of tissue loss. Neurological impairment was assessed progressively for 5 weeks after H/I by grid walking, foot fault, and Morris water maze. Activation of microglia and production of inflammatory mediators were examined up to 7 days after H/I. RESULTS: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced brain damage and improved long-term neurological outcomes up to 5 weeks after neonatal H/I injury. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in microglia both in an in vivo model of H/I and in in vitro microglial cultures subjected to inflammatory stimuli by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids confer potent neuroprotection against neonatal H/I brain injury through, at least partially, suppressing a microglial-mediated inflammatory response.
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PMID: 20705927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]6: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010 Aug;83(2):97-104. Epub 2010 Jun 17.
Chechi K, Herzberg GR, Cheema SK.
Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
We investigated the effects of maternal dietary fat intake during gestation and lactation on the tissue fatty acid composition of the adult offspring. Female C57Bl/6 mice were fed high fat diets enriched with lard or safflower oil or chow during mating, gestation and lactation. The offspring obtained from each group of mothers were continued on diets rich in lard, safflower oil or chow post-weaning until 11 weeks of age. Livers and hearts were collected for fatty acid analysis. A maternal diet rich in safflower oil was associated with enrichment of hepatic tissue with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the offspring fed chow post-weaning compared to the offspring fed chow throughout. However, a continuous exposure to a safflower oil- as well as lard-rich diet during the pre- and post-weaning time periods was associated with reduced content of docosahexaenoic acid in both liver and heart tissues compared to the offspring fed chow throughout. In conclusion, this study demonstrated lasting effects of maternal dietary fat intake, as well as an interaction between pre- and post-weaning diets, on the tissue fatty composition in adult offspring. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20688254 [PubMed - in process]7: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug 4; [Epub ahead of print]
Muhlhausler BS, Gibson RA, Makrides M.
School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
BACKGROUND: n minus 3 (omega-3) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) inhibit fat cell differentiation and fat storage in adults, and this has led to the hypothesis that maternal n minus 3 LC-PUFA supplementation may reduce fat mass in children. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of n minus 3 LC-PUFA supplementation in pregnancy or lactation on infant and child body composition in randomized controlled trials. DESIGN: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant articles. Human trials that supplemented the maternal diet with n minus 3 LC-PUFAs during pregnancy or lactation and assessed either body fat mass or body mass index in children were included. Trials had to be randomized in design. The quality of all included studies was assessed against set criteria, and results of eligible trials were compared. RESULTS: There were only 3 human trials (4 publications) that met our inclusion criteria. There was considerable disparity in study design and trial quality. The results were variable and showed positive, negative, or neutral effects of maternal n minus 3 LP-PUFA supplementation on body fat mass in children. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review highlights the paucity of robust data from human studies to evaluate the effect of increased n minus 3 LC-PUFA exposure during the perinatal period on body fat mass in the offspring. Further studies are required in which the intervention is confined to the perinatal period and that are sufficiently powered, have appropriate controls, have adequate blinding of participants and investigators, and have high retention rates.
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PMID: 20685946 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]8: In Vivo. 2010 Jul-Aug;24(4):553-60.
Lai YC, Hamazaki K, Yoshizawa K, Kawanaka A, Kuwata M, Kanematsu S, Hamazaki T, Takada H, Tsubura A.
Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan. tsubura@takii.kmu.ac.jp.
Aim: Short-term oestrogen and progesterone treatment (STEPT) mimics the pregnancy hormone milieu. This study compared the development of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary cancer in female Lewis rats that received STEPT in early or later life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats in Groups 1 and 2 received a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg MNU at 4 weeks old. Pellets containing 0.5 mg 17beta-estradiol and 32.5 mg progesterone (EP) were subcutaneously implanted in rats in Group 1 during 6-9 weeks old. Rats in Groups 3 and 4 received 50 mg/kg MNU at 22 weeks old and again at 23 weeks old. EP pellets were implanted in rats in Group 3 during 24-27 weeks old. At the time of EP removal and 8 weeks afterward, 4 randomly selected rats in each group were sacrificed for blood sampling. The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids was measured by capillary gas chromatography. The remaining rats were sacrificed when they developed mammary tumours >/=1 cm in diameter or at the termination of the experiment, which was at 18 weeks old for Groups 1 and 2 and at 64 weeks old for Groups 3 and 4. Mammary cancer was histologically confirmed. RESULTS: Group 1 had a significantly suppressed incidence of mammary cancer compared to Group 2 (7% vs. 90%), whereas the cancer incidence in Group 3 was similar to that of Group 4 (50% vs. 56%). Rats in Group 1 had significantly smaller n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios and higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than those in Group 2 at the time of EP removal but not 8 weeks after EP removal. Neither the PUFA ratios nor the DHA levels differed between Groups 3 and 4 at any time. These data suggest that the age at which STEPT is administered is important, since its mammary cancer-suppressing potential was lost in aged animals. CONCLUSION: DHA and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio may play a crucial role in mammary cancer suppression by STEPT.
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PMID: 20668323 [PubMed - in process]9: J Pediatr. 2010 Jul 22; [Epub ahead of print]
Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Llorente AM, Peters SU, Prager TC, Zou YL, Rozelle JC, Turcich MR, Fraley JK, Anderson RE, Heird WC.
U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics , Houston, Texas.
OBJECTIVE: We previously reported better psychomotor development at 30 months of age in infants whose mothers received a DHA (docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6n-3) supplement for the first 4 months of lactation. We now assess neuropsychological and visual function of the same children at 5 years of age. STUDY DESIGN: Breastfeeding women were assigned to receive identical capsules containing either a high-DHA algal oil ( approximately 200 mg/d of DHA) or a vegetable oil (containing no DHA) from delivery until 4 months postpartum. Primary outcome variables at 5 years of age were measures of gross and fine motor function, perceptual/visual-motor function, attention, executive function, verbal skills, and visual function of the recipient children at 5 years of age. RESULTS: There were no differences in visual function as assessed by the Bailey-Lovie acuity chart, transient visual evoked potential or sweep visual evoked potential testing between children whose mothers received DHA versus placebo. Children whose mothers received DHA versus placebo performed significantly better on the Sustained Attention Subscale of the Leiter International Performance Scale (46.5 +/- 8.9 vs 41.9 +/- 9.3, P < .008) but there were no statistically significant differences between groups on other neuropsychological domains. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year-old children whose mothers received modest DHA supplementation versus placebo for the first 4 months of breastfeeding performed better on a test of sustained attention. This, along with the previously reported better performance of the children of DHA-supplemented mothers on a test of psychomotor development at 30 months of age, suggests that DHA intake during early infancy confers long-term benefits on specific aspects of neurodevelopment. Copyright (c) 2010 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PMID: 20655543 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]10: Curr Diab Rep. 2010 Oct;10(5):345-9.
Norris JM.
Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. jill.norris@ucdenver.edu
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a preclinical period of autoimmunity. It is well accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease risk. Given that type 1 diabetes, and its preclinical autoimmunity, appear early in life, infant and childhood diet have been implicated as potential initiating exposures in the etiology of the disease. Several publications in the past year have provided further evidence for existing hypotheses regarding the roles of wheat, cow's milk, omega-3 fatty acids, and the maternal diet during pregnancy. However, inconsistencies in findings between studies suggest the need for collaboration and standardization of study methods to move forward in research in this area. One such example of this is the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study, which is an international, multicenter birth cohort study with standardized recruitment, dietary collection methodologies, and analytic approaches.
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PMID: 20640941 [PubMed - in process]11: Toxicol Ind Health. 2010 Jul 14; [Epub ahead of print]
Ross IA, Boyle T, Johnson WD, Sprando RL, O'Donnell MW, Ruggles D, Kim CS.
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD, USA.
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to be markers of cellular membrane degradation through lipid peroxidation and are substrates for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress, due to overproduction of ROS, may facilitate cellular insult by various toxicants. The ability of the rat conceptus to respond to toxic stress may be critical for normal development. In this study, the effects of the environmental toxicant sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) on FFAs were investigated after administering a single oral dose, in water and in a lipid medium, to pregnant rats on gestational day (GD) 10, a time point at mid-organogenesis. NaAsO2 was administered in deionized water (AsH2O) or in half and half dairy cream (AsHH) at a dose of 41 mg sodium arsenite (NaAsO2)/kg body weight. Control animals were treated with either dairy cream (HH) or deionized water (H2O). The animals were sacrificed on GD 20. The fetal brain and the maternal liver, brain, plasma and kidneys were harvested. The FFAs were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography. In the liver, there was an increase of myristic acid (1200%), myristoleic acid (174%), palmitic acid (47%), elaidic acid (456%), oleic acid (165%) and docosahexaenoic acid (224%) in the AsH2O group as compared to the AsHH group. Oleic acid and arachidonic acid were increased by 192% and 900%, respectively, in the AsH2O group as compared to the H2O group, and myristic acid was decreased by 90% in the AsHH group as compared to the HH group. In the maternal brain, myristoleic acid was decreased by 91% in the AsH2O group as compared to the H2O group, and DHA increased by 148% in the AsHH group as compared to the HH group. In the fetal brain, myristic and stearic acids were decreased by 87% and 89%, respectively, in the AsH2O group as compared to the AsHH group. Myristic, stearic and arachidonic acids were increased by 411%, 265%, and 144%, respectively, in the AsHH group as compared to the HH group. There was no effect on the fatty acids concentrations in the kidney or plasma as compared to controls. This study shows that NaAsO2 produced a differential effect on the fatty acid profiles in rats. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the role of fatty acids in differential signaling and regulation by either the palmitoylation or myristoylation process of cellular functions in these target organs.
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PMID: 20630983 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]12: Sci China Life Sci. 2010 Apr;53(4):517-23. Epub 2010 May 7.
Pan D, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Feng C, Long C, Liu X, Wan R, Zhang J, Lin A, Dong E, Wang S, Xu H, Chen H.
Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. pandengke@yahoo.com.cn
Omega-3(omega-3) fatty acid desaturase transgenic pigs may improve carcass fatty acid composition. The use of transgenic pigs is also an excellent large animal model for studying the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease and cancer. Transgenic pigs carrying synthesized fatty acid desaturase-1 gene (sFat-1) from Caenorhabditis briggsae by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were produced for the first time in China. Porcine fetal fibroblast cells were transfected with a sFat-1 expression cassette by the liposome-mediated method. Transgenic embryos were reconstructed by nuclear transfer of positive cells into enucleated in vitro matured oocytes. A total of 1889 reconstructed embryos were transferred into 10 naturally cycling gilts. Nine early pregnancies were established, 7 of which went to term. Twenty-one piglets were born. The cloning efficiency was 1.1% (born piglets/transferred embryos). The integration of the sFat-1 gene was confirmed in 15 live cloned piglets by PCR and Southern blot except for 2 piglets. Expression of the sFat-1 gene in 12 of 13 piglets was detected with RT-PCR. The data demonstrates that an efficient system for sFat-1 transgenic cloned pigs was developed, which led to the successful production of piglets expressing the sFat-1 gene.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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PMID: 20596920 [PubMed - in process]13: An Pediatr (Barc). 2010 Sep;73(3):142.e1-142.e8. Epub 2010 Jun 8.
[Article in Spanish]
Gil-Campos M, Dalmau Serra J; Comite de Nutricion de la Asociacion Espanola de Pediatria.
dalmau_jai@gva.es
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with multiple functions, although these are still under study. The development of visual and neurological functions have been demonstrated in premature infants and neonates, however, its effects are still being studied in certain chronic neurological diseases, and inflammatory and metabolic disorders. The DHA requirements are not fixed but recommendations must be based on an intake similar to the composition of breastfeeding, and in older children and during pregnancy and lactation, to ensure consumption of oily fish at least twice a week. It is essential to recognise the need for supplementation of this fatty acid in some diseases that require restricted diet, and in metabolic alterations resulting in a deficiency, but also know the scientific evidence on the effects produced in different situations. This review updates this information to propose an adequate intake of DHA at different ages and in different diseases. 2010 Asociacion Espanola de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.
Publication Types: English Abstract
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PMID: 20570579 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]14: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010 Jun 14; [Epub ahead of print]
Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Hirota Y.
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Maternal B vitamin intake during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants aged 16-24 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010. (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S It is uncertain whether B group vitamins are risk or preventive factors for allergic disorders. We prospectively investigated the association between maternal intake of folate and vitamins B(12), B(6), and B(2) during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and eczema in the infants aged 16-24 months. Subjects were 763 Japanese mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Among 763 infants, 169 (22.1%) and 142 (18.6%) had symptoms of wheeze and eczema, respectively. There were no evident relationships between maternal consumption of folate, vitamin B(12), vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(2) during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze or eczema in the offspring after adjustment for maternal age, gestation at baseline, residential municipality at baseline, family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, changes in maternal diet in the previous 1 month, season when data at baseline were collected, maternal smoking during pregnancy, baby's older siblings, baby's sex, baby's birth weight, household smoking in the same room as the infant, breastfeeding duration, age at which solid foods were introduced, age of infant at the third survey, and maternal intake of docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene during pregnancy. Further investigation is warranted to draw conclusions as to the question of whether maternal B vitamin intake during pregnancy is related to the risk of childhood allergic disorders.
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PMID: 20561231 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]15: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010 Jul;235(7):785-95.
Simopoulos AP.
The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, 2001 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. cgnh@bellatlantic.net
The tissue composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids is important to health and depends on both dietary intake and metabolism controlled by genetic polymorphisms that should be taken into consideration in the determination of nutritional requirements. Therefore at the same dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), their respective health effects may differ due to genetic differences in metabolism. Delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases, FADS1 and FADS2, respectively, influence the serum, plasma and membrane phospholipid levels of LA, ALA and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy, lactation, and may influence an infant's IQ, atopy and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. At low intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), polymorphisms at the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) level increase the risk for CHD whereas polymorphisms at cyclooxgenase-2 increase the risk for prostate cancer. At high intakes of LA the risk for breast cancer increases. EPA and DHA influence gene expression. In future, intervention studies on the biological effects of LA, ALA and LC-PUFAs, and the effects of genetic variants in FADS1 and FADS2, 5-LO and cyclooxygenase-2 should be taken into consideration both in the determination of nutritional requirements and chronic disease risk. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies need to include environmental exposures and include diet in the interaction between genetic variation and disease association.
Publication Types: Review
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PMID: 20558833 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]16: Transgenic Res. 2010 Jun 8; [Epub ahead of print]
Pohlmeier WE, Hovey RC, Van Eenennaam AL.
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
The Caenorhabditis elegans n-3 fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) acts on a range of 18- and 20-carbon n-6 fatty acid substrates. Transgenic female mice expressing the Fat-1 gene under transcriptional control of the goat beta-casein promoter produce milk phospholipids having elevated levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, females from this line were also observed to have impaired reproductive performance characterized by a smaller litter size (2.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 7.2 +/- 0.7; P < 0.05) than wildtype controls. While there is a close association between PUFA metabolism, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and fertility; reproductive problems in these mice were unanticipated given that the Fat-1 transgene is primarily expressed in the lactating mammary gland. Using multiple approaches it was found that Fat-1 mice have normal ovulation and fertilization rates; however fewer embryos were present in the uterus prior to implantation. Small litter size was also found to be partly attributable to a high incidence of post-implantation fetal resorptions. Embryo transfer experiments revealed that embryos developing from oocytes derived from transgenic ovaries had an increased rate of post-implantation resorption, regardless of the uterine genotype. Ovary transplantation between Fat-1 and C57BL/6 wildtype females revealed that non-ovarian factors also contributed to the smaller litter size phenotype. Finally, surgical removal of the mammary glands from juvenile Fat-1 mice increased the subsequent number of implantation sites per female, but did not lessen the high rate of post-implantation resorptions. In conclusion, we herein report on a system where an exogenous transgene expressed predominately in the mammary gland detrimentally affects female reproduction, suggesting that in certain circumstances the mammary gland may function as an endocrine regulator of reproductive performance.
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20532624&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20532624 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]17: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010 Mar;32(3):209-16.
Grigoriadis S, Barrett J, Pittini R, Herer E, Zaltz A, Bazinet RP, Bradley L, Kennedy S, Steiner M, Levitt A.
Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto ON, Canada.
OBJECTIVE: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and recurring illness. Most women who experience PPD do not seek professional help; for those who do, the available treatment options are not supported by extensive research evidence. Several lines of research have linked omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3) supplementation with a reduced risk of PPD. Although it has been suggested that women in the perinatal period consume sufficient omega-3 to potentially prevent PPD, there is a lack of definitive research evidence. This pilot study surveyed pregnant women's current use of omega-3, multivitamin, and other supplements, as well as their attitudes toward omega-3 research during pregnancy, to assess the feasibility of pregnant women's participation in a large randomized controlled trial evaluating omega-3 supplementation. METHODS: Women attending prenatal clinics over a three-week period were invited to participate in a survey. The survey contained an information letter that was followed by a brief questionnaire assessing the use of nutritional supplements and opinions regarding the likelihood of participating in a clinical trial during pregnancy. RESULTS: Of the 176 women who completed the survey, six women were in the first trimester of pregnancy, 82 were in the second trimester, and 87 were in the third trimester. One hundred fifty-nine respondents (90.3%) reported taking a multivitamin supplement but none were taking a supplement that contained omega-3; only 20 (11.4%) were taking omega-3. Seventy-eight women (44.4%) responded that they would participate in a clinical study evaluating the effects of fish oil on their health. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that many pregnant women take prenatal multivitamins and nutritional supplements, that there are currently few pregnant women attending clinics at our hospitals who are supplementing with omega-3, and that pregnant women would be willing to participate in a clinical trial evaluating the effects of omega-3.
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20500964&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20500964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]18: Biochimie. 2010 May 15; [Epub ahead of print]
Guesnet P, Alessandri JM.
INRA, UR909 Unite de Nutrition et Regulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cerebrales (Nurelice), CRJ, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France.
The accretion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in membranes of the central nervous system is required for the optimum development of retina and brain functions. DHA status is determined by the dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), both the metabolic precursor alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA) and DHA. Clinical studies have shown that feeding term or premature infants with formula low in total n-3 PUFA may alter the maturation of visual acuity. Moreover, feeding infants over the first 6 mon of life with formula containing adequate alpha-LNA, but no DHA, did not sustain the same cerebral accretion of DHA as that of breast-fed infants. Whether lower DHA accretion in brain of formula-fed term infants impairs neurophysiological performances is not clearly established. Contradictory data have been published, possibly owing to confounding factors such as maternal intakes and/or genetic variations in PUFA metabolism. Nevertheless, a large corpus of data is in favor of the recommendation of regular dietary intakes of DHA (during at least the first 6 mon of life) and suggest that DHA should be added in formulas at the level generally found in human milk (0.2-0.3 wt% of total fatty acids). The maternal intake of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy and lactation is also crucial, since the n-3 PUFA are provided during perinatal development through placental transfer and maternal milk, which determines the DHA status of the newborn and consequently impacts on post-natal development of brain and visual functions. Whether more clinical studies are needed to control and improve the impact of DHA maternal intakes on the progeny's neurodevelopment, several commissions recommended by precaution that DHA average intake for pregnant and lactating women should be of 200-300 mg/day. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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PMID: 20478353 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]19: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jul;92(1):177-85. Epub 2010 May 12.
Dai J, Ziegler TR, Bostick RM, Manatunga AK, Jones DP, Goldberg J, Miller A, Vogt G, Wilson PW, Jones L, Shallenberger L, Vaccarino V.
Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. jdai@indiana.edu
BACKGROUND: alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanism is not completely known. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine whether habitual dietary ALA intake is associated with plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers after control for shared genetic and common environmental factors. DESIGN: We cross-sectionally studied 353 middle-aged male twins. Habitual diet was assessed with the Willett food-frequency questionnaire. Fasting plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured. Linear mixed-effect regression analysis was used to partition the overall association into within- and between-pair associations. RESULTS: A 1-g increment in habitual dietary ALA intake was associated with 11.0% lower concentrations of sIL-6R (P = 0.004) but not of IL-6 (P = 0.31), TNF-alpha (P = 0.16), or hsCRP (P = 0.36) after adjustment for energy intake, nutritional factors, known cardiovascular disease risk factors, and medications. After further control for shared genetic and common environmental factors by comparison of brothers within a twin pair, a twin with a 1-g higher ALA intake was likely to have 10.9% (95% CI: 3.7%, 17.6%; P = 0.004) lower sIL-6R concentrations than his co-twin with a low intake, whereas ALA intake was not significantly associated with plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNF-alpha, or hsCRP. These results were validated by using 1000 bootstrap samples. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual dietary ALA intake is inversely associated with plasma sIL-6R concentrations independent of shared genetic and common environmental influences. Lowering sIL-6R may be a mechanism underlying the cardioprotective properties of habitual dietary ALA. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00017836.
Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Twin Study
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20463041&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20463041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: J Anim Sci. 2010 Sep;88(9):2988-97. Epub 2010 May 7.
Leonard SG, Sweeney T, Bahar B, Lynch BP, O'Doherty JV.
School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
An experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 10 sows/treatment) was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal dietary supplementation with seaweed extract (SWE: 0 vs. 10.0 g/d) and fish oil (FO) inclusion (0 vs. 100 g/d) from d 109 of gestation until weaning (d 26) on sow colostrum and milk composition, humoral immune response on d 5 and 12 of lactation, and suckling piglet performance. Furthermore, the influence of dietary treatment on the phagocytic activity of whole blood white cells at weaning was examined. The SWE (10 g) contained laminarin (1 g), fucoidan (0.8 g), and ash (8.2 g) and was extracted from a Laminaria spp. The FO contained approximately 40% eicosapentaenoic acid and 25% docosahexaenoic acid. The SWE-supplemented sows had greater colostrum IgG (P < 0.01) and milk protein (P < 0.05) concentrations on d 12 of lactation compared with non-SWE-supplemented sows. Piglets suckling SWE-supplemented sows had greater serum IgG (P < 0.01) and IgA (P < 0.05) concentrations on d 5 and IgG concentrations on d 12 (P < 0.05) of lactation compared with those suckling non SWE-supplemented sows. In contrast, FO supplementation exerted a suppressive effect on piglet serum IgA concentrations on d 5 of lactation (P < 0.05) compared with non-FO-supplemented diets. Dietary FO supplementation enhanced the n-3 PUFA proportion of sow milk (P < 0.001) and piglet serum at weaning (P < 0.001). Piglets suckling SWE-supplemented sows had a greater percentage of Escherichia coli phagocytizing leukocytes (P < 0.05) and a reduced percentage of E. coli phagocytizing lymphocytes (P < 0.01) compared with non-SWE-supplemented sows. Piglets suckling FO-supplemented sows had a greater percentage of leukocytes (P < 0.05) and lymphocytes (P < 0.05) phagocytizing E. coli compared with non-FO-supplemented sows. However, total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil numbers were not influenced by sow dietary treatment. Average piglet weaning weight and ADG between birth and weaning were not influenced by sow dietary treatment. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that SWE supplementation from d 109 of gestation until weaning enhanced colostral IgG concentrations and circulatory IgG concentrations in suckled piglets on d 5 and 12 of lactation. Furthermore, the percentage of leukocytes and lymphocytes phagocytizing E. coli at weaning increased in piglets suckling FO-supplemented sows, indicating an enhancement of immune function against presenting pathogens. However, the combination of SWE and FO bestowed no positive effect on immune responses investigated in the current study.
Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=20453086&dopt=ExternalLink
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PMID: 20453086 [PubMed - in process]